Gambit

Gambit

Nonspecific and Specific Immune Defense Charts

Nonspecific Invasion - Skin Penetration **VD is Permanent, Chemo Might Destroy Tissue

 

 

Steps	Description	Volcabulary
VASODILATION	Blood vessels get big. Immature cells can get to site - from blood to interstitial fluid.	Delivery of Protein & Leukocytes
INCREASE PERMEABILITY	Blood vessels  stimulated endothelial cells increase slits allow Diapedesis	/Intracellular Clefts Diapedesis.
CHEMOTAXIS	Injured cells release chemoattratant to allow binding. Endothelial contraction allows the neurtrophill to diapedesis. Chemoa. Guide Neur. To damage site. Monocytes follow, change in IF to  Macrophage.	Neutrophils, monocytes, chemoattractants: VCAM-1 (Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule) and ICAM -1 (Intra Cellular Adhesion Molecule) Margination
MICROBE DESTRUCTION	Macrophage Attaches by specific receptor, surrounds and engulfs bacteria Intracellular –Phagocytosis,  Opsonin facilitates binding (CRP, C3B), once engulfed by macrophage, vessel Phagosome fuses with Lysosomes forming Phagolysosome. Microbe digested and exocytoses. Extracellular – COMPLEMENT,  MAC embeds self in the microbe membrane forming pore. Water and salt enters microbe rupture cell.	Macrophage, C3b Receptor CRP (Cell Reactive Protein) Phagosome Lysosomes Phagolysosome MAC – Membrane Attack Complex Complement.
TISSUE REPAIR	Thrombin activates Fibrinogen to fibrin. Activates Factor Xlll for clotting, Proenzyme Plasminogen to Plasmin by Plasminogen activator (tPA) digests fibrin - Anticlotting.	Thrombin Fibrinogen Factor Xlll Plasminogen, Plasmin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specific Immune – Be Specific, B-Cells

RECOGNITION	B cell makes antibody and can bind to any antigen Bacteria gets into body, enters lymphatic system, B cell recognizes the bacteria and binds		Surface Receptor called antigen
	T-cell bind to cells affected or called Antigen Presenting Cell APC bound to MHC receptor to Tag the cell. (Cells Identity: Class 1 MHC every cell except Macrophase & Bcell. Class ii found on Macrophage & B cell only. {Major Histocompatibility…. Complex) Because fragments of bacteria previously engulfed are displayed on macrophage membrane MHCII.	Cytotoxic T binds to Class I MHC	APC-Antigen Presenting Cell Class I MHC Class II MHC
		Helper T cell requires Class II MHC – binds to it activating Helper T cells.
ACTIVATION	B-cells differentiates into plasma cells, release antibodies which bind to more bacteria (some into memory cells).		IL1 TNF IL IL2
	T-Cells – Macrophage release IL1 and TNF IL and TNF induce Helper T cells to release IL2 IL2 stimulates helper T cells to proliferate More cytokines are released from T cells New cytokines stimulate B cells to proliferate.
ATTACK	B-cells Antibodies enhances Phagocytes and NK releasing toxic chemicals and Start Opsonin process

  If good cells are already infected

1. Infected cell presents Class I MHC on membrane

2. Enhances Cytotoxic T cell to bind to receptor

3. Helper T cell activated by macrophages

4. Macrophages release IL1 and TNF

5. Active Helper T cells release IL2 to stimulate proliferation

6. IL2 stimulate more Cytotoxic T cells

7. Activates Cytotoxic T cells

8. Cytotoxic T cells release Perforin, which produces pores in infected cell causing membrane to disintegrate.

8b. Also IL-2 released by Helper T cells activates NK and Macrophages.

9. Both release toxic chemicals that destroy infected cells.

 

 

 

Next Phys Exam, Immune, Respiratory and Circulation

Okay, it definitely helped to write out the last blog for my test, so I’m on to new things for this test.

Found this mnemonic I like for the Immune Defense.

Never Let My Engine Blow, 60, 30, 8 3, 0

Helpers NuKe Cytotoxic Bs

A good rhyme for me to remember all my Leukocytes one of 4 classes of cells in the Immune System. (Leukocytes, Plasma cells, Macrophages, Mast cells)

Neutrophils at 60%, Lymphocytes at 30%, Monocytes at 8%, Eosinophils at 3%, Basophils at 0% .  For Lymphocytes there are 4 groups, Helper T cells, Natural Killer cells, Cytotoxic Cells, and B cells.

Sensory Pathways, Eyes and Ears

Sensory neural pathway, hearing and vision

My wonderfully smart teacher in Physiology is very fast in his lectures. I have to recap, and study to understand what he said. Creating simple stories of these processes helps me and then placing it here also reinforces it. (Yes, test tomorrow. Yikes!)

Anyways, here are three neural processes. For hearing, and vision with and without light.

First we have stimulation of the hair cells in the ear by different means depending where in the ear you are. At the hair cell a stretch gated K+ channel will open, causing depolarization down the cell activating the Voltage Gated Ca++ channels. This in turns activates the release of Glutamate which activates the afferent auditory nerve.

For Vision with light, you can see the story of Cyclic GMP is a sad one. Photo receptors have Opsin bound to retinal. When light shines, this retinal molecule stimulates Transducin, activating Phosphodiesterase to degrade CGMP. If CGMP is degraded, the party Na/Ca exchange door is closed. There is hyperpolarization and the Bi-polar cells can talk to the Ganglion cells and on, and on…

But with no light, Cyclic GMP is in a party mode and the doors are open. Depolarization happens activating a release of GABA a neuro receptor inhibitor stopping all communication with the Bi-polar cells.

20 Amino Acids

I have to learn the twenty amino acids. I don’t have to know at this time know their visual structure. My request from my teacher is to know the: seven amino acids which are nonpolar and hydrophobic side chains; five amino acids with electrically charged hydrophilic side chains (+ and - ); five amino acids with polar but uncharged side chains which are hydrophilic; and lastly the three ‘Special Case’ amino acids to complete 20 amino acids. (There are a few ways of grouping the amino acids, but I am doing it exactly as expected so I pass my teacher’s expectations.) The following is my way of grouping for memorization:

Two groups ♥ water    ♥♥  (hydrophilic)

Group 1) 

     ♥ (polar group, but no-charge) (Yes water is polar, and you can think of these groups as water-polar)

     Tyro-Sine, you Glut-a-mine, will you Serve Asparagine(like asparagas) at Thre-o-nine? Tyrosine  Glutamine  Serine  Asparagine   Threonine

Group 2 broken into 2 sub-groups)

     ♥ + and -

     ♥- are easy - Acid in name and you already know them from the other ♥! These acidic radicals have a negative charge. 

     Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid

      ♥+ aren’t to bad either. These Alkaline Radicals I have borrowed a line from another studier of amino acids on line. (disclaimer) Notice you really only need to work on 5, because two of them are repeated with a different prefix. Also don’t forget Methionine is the Start of Genetic Coding! It’s the Method. (AUG/TAC)

     The History of Argintine is a Lie!   Histidine   Arginine   Lysine

 

One group of Seven Hydrophobic, Non-Polar or NN (Non-water-♥ and Non-polar)

Tryp-to AV, LIMP!  (A trip to AV will make you LIMP! - yes very hot here right now!)

Trypotophan   Alanine Valine   Leucine Isoleucine  Methionine   Phenylalanine

 

Special Case of Three

Cysteine Glycine Proline   (see gee pee. Or: C G P)

Lasik Eye Surgery Video

Here is the Lasik Eye Surgery video I promised.

(These steps are from Dr. Alan Bergs site, as I had him for my surgeon.)

Step 1
First the surgeon applies a few numbing eye-drops to the eye prior to the procedure, and the surgeon marks the cornea with water-soluble ink to guide replacement of the flap. (My eye is upside down in this video)
 
Step 2
A thin corneal flap is created using an instrument called a microkeratome. This part of the procedure is called keratectomy and makes a “flap” in the corneal tissue on the central part of the eye, which is gently folded back, exposing the underlying layers of the cornea.  This flap can also be created with the use of the Intralase laser. (this is done with one machine, then you walk over to another machine- yes you can still see)

Step 3
The surgeon then uses the excimer laser to apply a cool beam of light to gently even out the curvature of the cornea this is done with CustomVue Wavefront guided technology. The protective corneal flap is then gently placed back in its original position and begins healing immediately.  (Hard to see it happening, look for those colored lights hitting the cornea.)

Step 4
After the flap is gently laid back, a few moisturizing drops are applied to soothe your eye and speed recovery. (As you can see, it takes no time.)

Trouble sending out-going emails?

I had a problems with sending emails the past couple days. Being a previous Adelphia customer who migrated over to roadrunner, this effected me because of the new service pack on the windows XP (I think). I can’t think of anything else. I turned off my virus protection and tried various strategies, but none of them worked. The only outgoing was if I was sending to a roadrunner account. I called RR, but they told me it was a Microsoft issue as I was using Outlook Express and I could send any emails directly from my RR account.

To get to the point, I saw an old fourm where someone had this problem and tried their solution.

I changed my (in Outlook Express) Tools/Accounts/Properties/Servers, Outgoing mail (SMTP): to:

 smtp-server.sc.rr.com

instead of the previous smtp-server.roadrunner.com which had been working since the migration.

 

 

 

 

Thigh-Burger

Here is another trick, tip, learning device for Anatomy. It focuses on the Upper Leg muscles. I call it my Thigh-Burger. This is looking at the anterior side of the leg. The top of the bun would be medial, and the bottom of the bun Lateral. If I was laying on my bum, I would be in a lateral position.

Okay. I will story this up with a few actions, as this is what I need to recall.

First its ABout the bun, we have our bottom bun (Tensor Fasciae Latae/abducts thigh). We will ADd the top bun as we know we are going to put much inside of it and we don’t want it to fall out (Gracilis/adducts thigh). There are four (Quadriceps/flex and extend) important things in our Thigh-Burger.

1.) On the bottom of the bun we are going to include some nice dressing from Vastus, a lot (Vastus Lateralis) to the bottom bun with,

2.) a little inner drop of Vastus Intermedius to help EXtend our dressing.  

3.) We are also going to add it to the top bun (the Medial side/Vastus Medialis), because we want it on either side of the,

4.) main meat (Rectus Femoris).

But when we put the buns on the burger we think, Wait! I want more than that!

We take the top off and all the top Vastus (Medialis) stuck to the Rectus Femoris. But that’s okay, we will just ADD a few more items between the Vastus Medialis and the Top bun (Gracilis).

First, on top of the Vastus Medialis covered Rectus Femoris, we will place the lettuce (Adductor Longus), then some nice Tomatoes, but the are a little small - (Adductor Brevis), and we can’t over look a big, huge grouping of Magnificent onion rings (Adductor Magnus).

Okay, but how do we hold it all together so it won’t fall apart? We put the sword (Sartorius) over across it all to hold it together! (Sartorius/flexes and laterally rotates).

Can you eat/beat that?

Lasik Eye Surgery

I went and had my eye vision corrected with Lasik surgery. That was Wednesday and today, three days later, I am still thrilled I did it. I have worn glasses for distance for 30 years. We are talking anything over four feet away. Now I can see 20/15 in both eyes. My near vision is fine. I can see clearly a 9pt typed paper at one foot away from my face. This I was worried about. I didn’t want to be blind in the other direction. I can work on my computer, look out my window and read the name on the tail of an airplane. Not kidding.

I have a red spot on both eyes under my lids and was told it was a small broken capillary that will dissapate in a week or so. I have no pain, no blurryness or anything. Right after my surgery in the afternoon, that took maybe 3 minutes for the laser cut, then 5 minutes for the laser correction on each eye, I could see. I went home and slept the night away with two valiums and the help of my husband around the house. Up the next morning with beautiful vision. Have you ever gone to sleep with your contacts on by accident and woken up being able to see, but a little dry? Like that, only not dry. Beautiful. No more buying big black framed glasses so I can find them when they aren’t on my head. No more being afaid of swimming in the water or getting hit in the head playing sports.

I’m thrilled. I went to Berg-Feinfield in Sherman Oaks, CA. They were great. I know I was probably a good canidate, but I also know it has a lot to do with the surgeon and the equipment they use. I have a film and when I get it uploaded, I’ll link it here!

 

A quote on Fundamentalism

I cut this quote out of a magazine a long time ago. It was possibly a Wired magazine, but I’m not sure. I like it. It is quoted from an interview with past President Jimmy Carter.

“Fundamentalism, says Carter, means the thinker is absolutely sure he is right. “You don’t want to learn new facts, because they might disturb your previous opinions. You become convinced that your truths have come from God and anyone who disagrees with you is wrong, and the next step is that they’re inferior, and the ultimate case is, they’re subhuman. That leads to a lot of the persecution of the world.”